科幻电影给我们描绘了飞行汽车的基本样貌。在《全面回忆》（2013版）中，出场的飞车必须沿着道路飞行，一离开道路就要抛锚。而在《第五元素》和《星球大战》中亮相的飞车则不必拘泥于轨道，可以像气垫船、直升机一样在任意表面上飞行。

要给飞行汽车下个定义的话，它就是一种既能在地面行驶，又能在天空飞行的交通工具。《全面回忆》里那种沿轨道开行的飞车，有个学名叫“磁悬浮飞车”；《第五元素》和《星球大战》中那种可以在任意表面上飞行的，才叫“飞行汽车”——飞行汽车有像飞机一样带有机翼和尾翼的，也有像直升机一样没有机翼仅靠旋翼提供升力的；既有采用螺旋桨推进的，也有使用喷气式发动机推进的。

磁悬浮飞车

磁悬浮飞车是一种尚处于研究阶段的新型交通工具，它利用磁悬浮技术将车体悬浮在磁性道路上，并保证车体和路面之间没有接触，用螺旋桨或喷气发动机驱动飞车沿着道路运动。由于车体和道路之间没有接触摩擦，空气阻力是其运行所受到的唯一外部阻力，因此飞车具有了高速运行的可能性，同时也避免了摩擦带来的功率损耗。但磁悬浮飞车的弱点也是明显的：完全依赖磁性道路，在没有铺设磁性道路的地方便寸步难行，其适应性还没有轮式汽车强。另外，磁悬浮飞车的开行速度太快，驾驶者面对危险时很难及时作出反应。目前，商业运营的磁悬浮列车的速度可以达到每小时430公里，未来磁悬浮飞车的速度也可以与之媲美，这比常规轮式汽车快多了。磁悬浮飞车只能靠电脑控制的自动驾驶系统作出躲避障碍、超车、并线等动作，相比之下，从飞机演变而来的飞行汽车能带给乘客更大的自由度。

旋翼飞行汽车

美国的一款名为“天空巡航者”的概念型飞行汽车，集飞机、汽车和四轴旋翼飞行器的功能于一身，可像直升机一样垂直起降。这款飞行器克服了飞行汽车面临的一个最大问题，即起飞和降落需要较长的跑道。“天空巡航者”装有4个主旋翼，无需跑道便可垂直起飞，升空后切换到正常飞机模式。

“天空巡航者”机身长8.4米，翼展9.5米。在地面上，它收起机翼，利用安装在车轮中的电动机行驶，地面速度可达到每小时112公里。水平飞行时，它使用尾部的两台150马力的电动机驱动。四个弹簧刀型旋翼赋予“天空巡航者”垂直起降性能，能够在保持常规飞机的空气动力学性能的同时，在面积较小的区域盘旋和降落。

其实，第一次尝试垂直起飞的飞行器并非直升机，而是四旋翼飞机，那还是20世纪20年代的事。不过，早期的四旋翼飞机也有自己的问题，那就是没有自动驾驶系统来对飞机进行控制，飞行员必须持续不断地调整四个螺旋桨的升力大小，这样一来，他们就没有精力控制飞行了。好在现在出现了高性能的飞行计算机，它们能够自动管理多台发动机及飞机姿态。按一下按钮，飞机起飞；往左推杆，飞机就朝左飞行。如此一来，飞行员不仅不需要担心校准问题，还能很好地控制飞机的飞行。

折叠翼飞行汽车

前面提到的“变形者”被誉为“世界上第一台真正的飞行汽车”，它于2009年3月10日成功首飞。当时飞行了37秒，飞行900多米后着陆。

该车采用一台汽油发动机提供动力。切换到飞行模式时，用轴驱动推进式螺旋桨；处于汽车模式时，通过无级变速器驱动车辆前轮。机体采用碳纤维复合材料，机翼铰链和悬挂接头采用铝部件。驾驶舱沿用轿车驾驶室的设计，以便于家庭用户快速掌握驾驶技巧。

这款飞行汽车的最大特点是两侧机翼可伸缩。使用飞行模式时，驾驶员只需按下模式转换按钮，机翼便会自动展开，前轮驱动发动机转换为螺旋桨发动机，通过短距离滑跑后便可升空；着陆时，驾驶员同样按下模式转换按钮，机翼就会自动从根部和中间向机身后方折叠收起，发动机也自动转换成前驱发动机，飞机变成四轮汽车。为防止意外，在飞机没有完全着地前，即使驾驶员按下飞机模式转换为汽车模式的按钮后，内部锁定机构也会自行防止机翼折叠。只有当发动机传动完全转变为汽车模式和机轮完全承载了飞行汽车的全部重量后，机翼才会开始折叠。同样，从汽车模式转换为飞机模式时，飞行员输入个人识别码后机翼才会展开，机翼展开后还要进行一段慢滑行检查，确认无故障后才能进入起飞滑跑程序。

“变形者”飞行汽车采用标准飞行操纵系统和标准汽车驾驶系统，且两套系统完全独立，驾驶舱的双屏显示器通过模式转换按钮自动切换为飞行显示器或汽车仪表。它配有全球卫星定位系统等高端科技装备，驾驶操作很简单。

英文版

English version

Different flying methods for future flying cars

Science fiction movies depict the basic appearance of flying cars. In Full Memory (2013), the flying car must fly along the road and break down as soon as it leaves. The flying cars in Element 5 and Star Wars don't have to be in orbit, they can fly on any surface like hovercraft or helicopters.

To define a flying car, it is a vehicle that can travel both on the ground and in the sky. The flying car in Total Memory is called Maglev; the flying car in Element Five and Star Wars that can fly on any surface is called a flying car - flying cars have wings and tails like airplanes, and they have no planes like helicopters The wing relies solely on the rotor to provide lift; either propeller propulsion or jet propulsion.

Magnetic levitation vehicle

Maglev flying car is a new type of vehicle which is still in the research stage. It uses maglev technology to suspend the car body on the magnetic road, and ensures that there is no contact between the car body and the road surface. The flying car is driven along the road by propeller or jet engine. Because there is no contact friction between the car body and the road, air resistance is the only external resistance to its operation, so the flying car has the possibility of high-speed operation, but also to avoid the power loss caused by friction. But the weakness of Maglev flying car is also obvious: completely rely rely on magnetic road, in the absence of magnetic road laying convenience inch by inch difficult to walk, its adaptability is not as strong as wheeled cars. In addition, the speed of maglev is too fast, so it is very difficult for drivers to respond in time. At present, commercial maglev trains can reach speeds of 430 kilometers per hour, comparable to future maglev flying cars, which are much faster than conventional wheeled cars. The magnetic levitation vehicle can only rely on computer-controlled automatic driving system to avoid obstacles, overtake and join lines. Compared with that, the flying vehicle evolved from aircraft can bring more freedom to passengers.

Rotorcraft

A conceptual flying car called Sky Cruiser in the United States, which combines the functions of aircraft, automobiles and four-axis rotor aircraft, can take off and land vertically like a helicopter. The aircraft overcomes one of the biggest problems facing flying cars, which requires longer runways for takeoff and landing. The Sky Cruiser is equipped with four main rotors that take off vertically without a runway and switch to normal aircraft mode after liftoff.

The sky cruiser is 8.4 meters long and has a wingspan of 9.5 meters. On the ground, it retracts its wings and uses motors mounted in wheels to drive at ground speeds up to 112 kilometers per hour. When flying horizontally, it uses two 150 horsepower motors at the rear. Four spring knife rotors give the Sky Cruiser a vertical take-off and landing capability, enabling it to hover and land in smaller areas while maintaining the aerodynamic performance of conventional aircraft.

In fact, the first aircraft to try to take off vertically was not a helicopter, but a Four-rotor aircraft, which was in the 1920s. However, the early four rotor aircraft also has its own problem, that is, there is no autopilot system to control the aircraft. Pilots must constantly adjust the lift of the four propellers, so that they do not have the energy to control the flight. Fortunately, there are now high-performance flight computers that can automatically manage multiple engines and aircraft attitude. Press the button and the plane takes off; to the left push rod, the plane flies to the left. In this way, pilots need not only worry about calibration problems, but also control aircraft flight very well.

Folding wing flying car

The Transformer, known as the world's first real flying car, made its first successful flight on March 10, 2009. It flew 37 seconds and landed 900 meters later.

The car powered by a gasoline engine. When switching to flight mode, the propeller is propelled by the shaft; when in vehicle mode, the front wheel of the vehicle is driven by the CVT. The body adopts carbon fiber composite material, and the wing hinge and suspension joint are made of aluminum parts. Cockpit cab design is adopted so that family users can quickly master their driving skills.

The biggest feature of this flying car is that the two wings can be retractable. When using flight mode, the pilot only needs to press the mode conversion button, the wing will automatically unfold, the front-wheel drive engine will be converted into a propeller engine, after a short distance taxi will be lifted; when landing, the pilot will also press the mode conversion button, the wing will automatically fold from the root and center to the rear of the fuselage folding. As a result, the engine is automatically converted into a precursor engine, and the aircraft becomes a four wheel vehicle. To prevent accidents, the internal locking mechanism prevents the wing from folding by itself, even when the pilot presses the button to convert the aircraft mode to the automobile mode before the plane lands completely. The wing folds only when the engine transmission is fully converted to the vehicle mode and the wheels are fully loaded with the full weight of the flying vehicle. Similarly, when the vehicle mode is converted to the aircraft mode, the pilot enters the PIN before the wing unfolds. After the wing unfolds, a slow taxiing check is carried out to confirm that there is no trouble before entering the takeoff and taxiing program.

The "Transformer" flying vehicle uses the standard flight control system and the standard automobile driving system, and the two systems are completely independent. The dual-screen display in the cockpit automatically switches to the flight display or automotive instrument by the mode conversion button. It is equipped with high-end technology equipment such as the global positioning system and so on. The operation is very simple.

（文来源：飞行汽车feiauto）www.feiauto.com

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